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¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas-Türkiye DOI : 10.5505/tjo.2025.5 Primary brain tumors represent a heterogeneous and biologically complex group of neoplasms that require multidisciplinary management approaches. Following the publication of the 2021 World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors, the incorporation of molecular markers into histopathological diagnostics has markedly improved diagnostic precision and facilitated the development of individualized treatment strategies. The identification of actionable molecular targets, particularly in high-grade malignant tumors, has paved the way for novel therapeutic approaches. Integrating targeted therapies with conventional modalities?surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy?holds considerable promise for optimizing treatment responses. Nonetheless, establishing the long-term efficacy, safety, and impact on overall survival of these innovative strategies will require large-scale, multicenter clinical trials. Keywords : Molecular targets; multidisciplinary treatment; personalized oncology; primary brain tumors; targeted therapy